The Eiffel Tower Essay Example for Free

The Eiffel Tower Essay I have consistently longed for going to Paris, France and see Eiffel Tower one day. Travel guides have consistently portrayed the Eiffel Tower as otherworldly.  I had chosen to ask Steve, my tall, thin and long-haired closest companion to go along with me in France and visit the Eiffel Tower. Steve had inquired as to whether I realized how to communicate in French and I disclosed to him I don't. Steve had requested that I bring along a French word reference just in the event that we had to know some French words. At the point when we showed up at Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the climate was shady and the temperature muggy. A ways off, the Eiffel Tower can be seen. From the outset, Steve and I went gaga for it since it is the most excellent thing that we had ever observed. We became energized as we close to the Eiffel Tower and showed up at our lodging, Hotel de la Paix. The inn is a 20 to brief walk going to Eiffel Tower. At the point when we had arrived at our lodging, it had gotten somewhat blustery and it was at that point two o’ check toward the evening. There are numerous individuals strolling down the boulevards and individuals setting off to the Eiffel Tower to visit. From our lodging, you can see a decent perspective on the Eiffel Tower. Since it was somewhat stormy, Steve and I chose to rest first before going.  â â â â â â â â â â Since that was my first time in Paris, I didn't know that the climate in Paris was entirely erratic. . Steve and I went to the Eiffel Tower at around four toward the evening and the downpour had just halted. We walked around a couple of moments passing by lovely structures and houses with various types of compositional plans and subtleties. As a result of the wonderful environmental factors around us we didn't pay heed to the climate. The unusual climate began to change and when we had arrived at the pinnacle it started to rain once more. Despite the fact that it was coming down it was all the while astounding to take a gander at the Eiffel Tower very close. At short proximity, I started to ponder whether I am dreaming or am I truly observing the Eiffel Tower in light of the fact that the structure is so tremendous and delightful that I can't take my eyes off it. At the ground floor level, trinket shops can be seen anyplace, there are likewise café for the hungry. The landmark of Gustave Eiffel the maker of the Eiffel tower can be found before the Eiffel Tower. The pinnacle had given us shield from the downpour. Being there in person takes a great deal of tolerance and constancy. Steve and I hung tight for over thirty minutes just to have the option to enter the pinnacle in light of the fact that the line was for such a long time.  That didn't stop there; we were again approached to trust that the lift will go down so we would have the option to go up. It took us an additional 30 minutes to hang tight for it.  â â â â â â â â â â The main floor of the pinnacle resembles a gallery of certain sorts. There is a display of work shows. There were photos of the pinnacle and the diverse noteworthy achievements the highlights the Eiffel Tower and its maker. Energizing logical devices can likewise be found in the primary floor of the pinnacle. There is a straightforward roundabout thing which they call the Feroscope. Inside, there are intuitive recordings and various examples of light appeared in it. Highlighted in the recordings are the means by which the landmark of Gustave Eiffel was made and how the pinnacle is looked after appropriately. Taking a gander at the showcases makes me need to see a greater amount of the pinnacle in view of the intriguing realities and stories identified with it and how the French individuals had kept up the pinnacle which on my supposition is extremely difficult to do. Steve who was not intrigued from the outset on the chronicled part, and upkeep of the pinnacle had gotten very flabbergasted on how the French had introduced the Eiffel Tower and we were as yet not yet completed on our visit. An enormous observatory can likewise be found in the floor which looks cutting edge. The observatory has a video that shows how the pinnacle was developed. Steve and I strolled around the edge of the primary floor and there are various perspectives on France. There are markers on the edges and each shows the milestone of the view that can be seen beneath. As we strolled, Steve and I chose to eat at Les Buffet De la Tour Eiffel. As I have expressed before, the two of us don't have the foggiest idea how to communicate in French so when we read the menu everything we can comprehend from it is pizza. It was very interesting in light of the fact that we were truly anticipating taste the claim to fame of France. Notwithstanding, since pizza is the main word we realize then that is the thing that we have requested. It would be a misuse of cash on the off chance that we don't care for what we had speculated is delightful in the menu. In the wake of eating we chose to stop by the gift shop and got a few keepsakes to bring home. At that point we went to the subsequent floor utilizing the means since we might not want to stand by again for the lift.  â â â â â â â â â â When we had shown up at the subsequent floor, we found an exceptionally fascinating window scene liveliness. The showcase shows the historical backdrop of the development and clarifies the activity of the pressure driven lift which was utilized before from the year it was built until the year 1983. It additionally incorporates the lifts that are utilized at this point. It was truly stunning for new-comers in Paris to find how the individuals had found a lift that utilizations water as a force source. There is additionally a transparent glass in the second floor where you can investigate the view beneath. A perspective on the primary floor and the ground floor can be seen in there. Eateries, lunch rooms and web stations are accessible in this part. In this piece of the pinnacle, Steve and I chose to investigate it more and from that point an all encompassing perspective on the structures beneath can be seen and you can likewise circumvent it and see all perspectives without a metal bar or a room obstructing your view. During the time that we went here it was at that point dusk and the view was simply terrific. It’s like seeing another piece of the world in a better place.  â â â â â â â â â â After investigating the view, we chose to go to the highest floor. We needed to hang tight for the lift again so as to go to the highest floor of the pinnacle. It merited the hold up on the grounds that when we had arrived at the highest floor, you can see a portrayal of the creator’s office and a wax portrayal of Gustave, his little girl and the acclaimed Thomas Edison. We were stunned from the start since we thought they were genuine people and afterward we saw that they were not moving. We had gotten some information about it that is the point at which we knew who the characters was in the room. Another piece of the highest floor is the Engineer’s office where there are wax characters again of Gustave and his specialists. It was truly stunning. You would consider how the makers of the wax characters had made this. In this part, you can likewise observe a 360 perspective on the pinnacle. Demonstrated in the screens are the incredible urban communities on the planet. The course and the separation of the urban communities in the database can be found in the screens accommodated visitors.  â â â â â â â â â â It was at that point dull when we got down in light of the fact that we needed to stand by again for the lift. Steve and I truly delighted in the visit and when we got down, another view had astonished us. It was the Eiffel Tower around evening time. You can see it lit up like a Christmas tree and it is actually an astounding sight. The horde of individuals strolling are gazing toward it as they strolled and one can't censure them for doing so on the grounds that Eiffel Tower has its own enchantment. We remained there for right around an hour simply taking a gander at it and afterward we chose to return to our inn.  â â â â â â â â â â Visiting Paris, France would consistently be scratched in my memory in view of the tremendous sights and introduction of the pinnacle. A few realities are additionally fascinating in the development and support of the pinnacle. One would not be exhausted about the narratives that the Eiffel tower has in light of the fact that these accounts are one of a kind and extraordinary. Steve and I truly delighted in going there and regardless of whether he isn't slanted in visiting places like the Eiffel Tower, he had requested that I let him know whether I am again returning to theâ â â â enchanted spot. He is anticipating our following visit to the pinnacle and next time he would have the option to communicate in French and converse with the individuals around us, the visit direct and even distinguish the menu a French eatery is advertising.

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

Among the main individuals to be executed were the purported witches inside the settlements. These executions got known as the Salem Witch preliminaries. At the point when the preliminaries among May and October 1692 were finished, there were around twenty individuals that were condemned to kick the bucket. As indicated by the English law numerous offenses were deserving of death. Most included property related misdemeanors and such other peaceful violations. Burglary, blackmail, fire related crime and pick taking were all deserving of death. In Massachusetts there were just thirteen wrongdoings deserving of death which incorporate; reviling, infidelity, lying after swearing to tell the truth, going to icons, and so forth. All through the provinces Ohio, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New York kept capital punishment while in others they restricted and nullified the law. Michigan was the principal state to get rid of the death penalty. After that the states followed despite the fact that Maine wavered until 1887, when the law was nullified. Numerous years passed and states went to and fro on whether to keep or dispose of capital punishment. Some disposed of it while other kept it and restricted the quantity of violations deserving of death. Since May 1995, 38 out of the 50 states had the death penalty laws.      The continuous discussion about the death penalty is a back-and-forth. At the point when wrongdoing decreases the requirement for capital punishment decays and when wrongdoing expands the need likewise increments. It’s each of the a matter of our social circumstance. Insights show that by 2001 the 80 percent of supporters declined to a 65 percent and went even lower in 2002. From 1990 to 2000 the quantity of individuals condemned to kick the bucket was a decent 3,550 the quantity of individuals executed was most noteworthy in 1930’s to the 1940’s.      In 1994, as a component of the wrongdoing charge, the government capital punishment was extended to somewhere in the range of 60 distinct offenses. A portion of the felonies for which individuals in any state or United Sates an area can get a capital punishment are, murder, abducting bringing about death, lethal drive-by shootings, sexual maltreatment wrongdoings bringing about death, vehicle jacking bringing about death, and violations not bringing about death, for example, running a huge scope sedate undertaking. The following are a few insights taken from another source.*      Since 1988, the government has approved looking for capital punishment against 211 respondents. Of the 211 affirmed arraignments, 158 (75%) were against minority litigants. Of these litigants, 53 have been white, 39 Hispanic, 12 Asian/Indian/Pacific Islander, 2 Arab and 105 African American.

Marketing_2 Example

Marketing_2 Example Marketing_2 â€" Essay Example > AbstractMarketing management is very essential for any business organization. This is because it entails aspects that guide a business towards the desired success. Marketing management is achieved through proper customer relations which in turn, lead to profits maximization for the organization. The paper explores the concepts used in marketing management and how they are used for the purpose of making profits as well as satisfying the customers. This is in relation to Coca Cola Company which focuses on the manufacture of soft drinks both locally and internationally. The needs of the customers have also been discussed in the report and it mainly acts as the benchmark for the marketing concepts used by the company. The approach used during the research was mainly interviewing the marketing team of the company for the purpose of obtaining relevant and accurate data. Literature review was also utilized during the research. The report was able to establish that the company utilizes ei ght of the most important marketing concepts which have led to the success of the company. It was established that the company has been able to satisfy its customers through proper marketing and coming up with products required by the customers. The report concludes by stating that the marketing concepts are important in terms of achieving the aims and objectives of a business organization. The report also recommends that the company should put in place measures to exploit new markets and also enhance the product lifecycle so as to satisfy the customers better. These are concepts that are important in marketing and lead to success of an organization as discussed in the paper. IntroductionMarketing involves delivering the needs of customers satisfactorily with the aims of making profits (Gary, 2008). The marketing process is complex in nature and it involves various parties. The main parties are consumers and the sellers. Marking entails various components and concepts that require a lot of attention and analysis for a company or business enterprise to succeed. The market environment is an important consideration before engaging in the marketing process. This involves thorough analysis of all the stakeholders and players in the sector. Strategies are also important during marketing as it determines the ability to influence customers and satisfy them. Buying behavior is also an important concept during marketing as it acts as a guide to the process. The buying behavior of customers is an important determining factor for the success of any product in the market. The marketing process also involves business to business and the use of information technology also plays an important role during marketing. The marketing concepts are mainly for the purpose of ensuring that the business organization or company achieves its main goals and objectives which in most cases is customer satisfaction. The paper thus discuses the marketing concepts in relation to Coca Cola c ompany which is among the most successful multinationals due to its effective marketing concepts (Coca cola Company, 2012). Literature ReviewAccording to Adcock (2001), marketing management is considered as one of the major elements of business. This is because it focuses on the customer relations and the operations of a business organization. Emphasis in this topic is however, on the customer satisfaction and the means of attaining it. The marketing management mainly emphasizes the need for business to shift from production to focus on the customer needs and satisfaction. With this, the marketing management concepts explain how customer focus can be profitable to the organization. The marketing concepts also emphasizes that the only way of achieving organizational goals and objectives is through customer satisfaction. The marketing concepts thus interconnect a variety of issues that are applicable during marketing. The concepts also ensure that the business enterprise becomes prof itable while the customer gets satisfied or they receive value for their money (Chekitan, 2005).

Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius or one-humped camel) is one of a half-dozen of camel species left on the planet, including llamas, alpacas, vicunas, and guanacos in South America, as well as its cousin, the two-humped Bactrian camel. All evolved from a common ancestor some 40-45 million years ago in North America. The dromedary was probably domesticated from wild ancestors roaming in the Arabian peninsula. Scholars believe that the likely site of domestication was in coastal settlements along the southern Arabian peninsula somewhere between 3000 and 2500 BC. Like its cousin the Bactrian camel, the dromedary carries energy in the form of fat in its hump and abdomen and can survive on little or no water or food for quite a long period. As such, the dromedary was (and is) prized for its ability to endure treks across the arid deserts of the Middle East and Africa. Camel transport greatly enhanced overland trade throughout Arabia particularly during the Iron Age, extending international contacts throughout the region along caravansaries. Art and Incense Dromedaries are illustrated as being hunted in New Kingdom Egyptian art during the Bronze Age (12th century BC), and by the Late Bronze Age, they were fairly ubiquitous across Arabia. Herds are attested from Iron Age Tell Abraq on the Persian Gulf. The dromedary is associated with the emergence of the incense route, along the western edge of the Arabian peninsula; and the ease of camel travel compared to substantially more dangerous sea navigation increased the use of overland trade routes connecting the Sabaean and later trading establishments between Axum and the Swahili Coast and the rest of the world. Archaeological Sites Archaeological evidence for early dromedary use includes the predynastic site of Qasr Ibrim, in Egypt, where camel dung was identified about 900 BC, and because of its location interpreted as dromedary. Dromedaries did not become ubiquitous in the Nile Valley until about 1,000 years later. The earliest reference to dromedaries in Arabia is the Sihi mandible, a camelid bone direct-dated to ca 7100-7200 BC. Sihi is a Neolithic coastal site in Yemen, and the bone is probably a wild dromedary: it is about 4,000 years earlier than the site itself. See Grigson and others (1989) for additional information about Sihi. Dromedaries have been identified at sites in southeastern Arabia beginning between 5000-6000 years ago. The site of Mleiha in Syria includes a camel graveyard, dated between 300 BC and 200 AD. Finally, dromedaries from the Horn of Africa were found at the Ethiopian site of Laga Oda, dated 1300-1600 AD. The bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus or two-humped camel) is related to, but, as it turns out, not descended from the wild bactrian camel (C. bactrianus ferus), the only survivor species of the ancient old world camel. Domestication and Habitats Archaeological evidence indicates that the bactrian camel was domesticated in Mongolia and China about 5,000-6,000 years ago, from a now-extinct form of camel. By the 3rd millennium BC, the bactrian camel was spread throughout much of Central Asia. Evidence for the domestication of Bactrian camels has been found as early as 2600 BC at Shahr-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran. Wild bactrians have small, pyramid-shaped humps, thinner legs and a smaller and slender body then their domestic counterparts. A recent genome study of wild and domestic forms (Jirimutu and colleagues) suggested that one characteristic selected for during the domestication process may have been enriched olfactory receptors, the molecules which are responsible for the detection of odors. The original habitat of the bactrian camel extended from the Yellow River in Gansu province of northwest China through Mongolia to central Kazakhstan. Its cousin the wild form lives in northwestern China and southwestern Mongolia particularly in the Outer Altai Gobi Desert. Today, bactrians are mainly herded in the cold deserts of Mongolia and China, where they contribute significantly to the local camel herding economy. Attractive Characteristics Camel characteristics which attracted people to domesticate them are pretty obvious. Camels are biologically adapted to harsh conditions of deserts and semi-deserts, and thus they make it possible for people to travel through or even live in those deserts, despite the aridity and lack of grazing. Daniel Potts (University of Sydney) once called the bactrian the principal means of locomotion for the Silk Road bridge between the old world cultures of the east and west. Bactrians store energy as fat in their humps and abdomens, which enables them to survive for long periods without food or water. In a single day, a camels body temperature can vary safely between an astounding 34-41 degrees Celsius (93-105.8 degrees Fahrenheit). In addition, camels can tolerate a high dietary intake of salt, more than eight times that of cattle and sheep. Recent Research Geneticists (Ji et al.) have recently discovered that feral bactrian, C. bactrianus ferus, is not a direct ancestor, as had been assumed prior to the onset of DNA research, but is instead a separate lineage from a progenitor species which has now disappeared from the planet. There are currently six subspecies of bactrian camel, all descendant from the single bactrian population of the unknown progenitor species. They are divided based on morphological characteristics: C. bactrianus xinjiang, C.b. sunite, C.b. alashan, C.B. red, C.b. brown, and C.b. normal. A behavioral study found that bactrian camels older than 3 months are not allowed to suck milk from their mothers, but have learned to steal milk from other mares in the herd (Brandlova et al.) See page one for information about the  Dromedary Camel.   Sources Boivin, Nicole. Shell Middens, Ships and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian Peninsula. Journal of World Prehistory, Dorian Q. Fuller, Volume 22, Issue 2, SpringerLink, June 2009.Brandlovà ¡ K, BartoÃ… ¡ L, and Haberovà ¡ T. 2013. Camel calves as opportunistic milk thefts? The first description of allosuckling in domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). PLoS One 8(1):e53052.Burger PA, and Palmieri N. 2013. Estimating the Population Mutation Rate from a de novo Assembled Bactrian Camel Genome and Cross-Species Comparison with Dromedary ESTs. Journal of Heredity: March 1, 2013.Cui P, Ji R, Ding F, Qi D, Gao H, Meng H, Yu J, Hu S, and Zhang H. 2007. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. BMC Genomics 8:241.Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeolog ical Findings. Journal of World Prehistory, Olivier Hanotte, Volume 24, Issue 1, SpringerLink, May 2011.Grigson C, Gowlett JAJ, and Zarins J. 1989. The Camel in Arabia: A Direct Radiocarbon Date, Calibrated to about 7000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:355-362.Ji R, Cui P, Ding F, Geng J, Gao H, Zhang H, Yu J, Hu S, and Meng H. 2009. Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus). Animal Genetics 40(4):377-382.Jirimutu, Wang Z, Ding G, Chen G, Sun Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Hasi S et al. (The Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium) 2012. Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels. Nature Communications 3:1202.Uerpmann HP. 1999. Camel and horse skeletons from protohistoric graves at Mleiha in the Emirate of Sharjah (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 10(1):102-118. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.1999.tb00131.xVigne J-D. 2011. The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere. Comptes Rendus Biologies 334(3):171-181.

Transcendental Features in Into the Wild - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 956 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Into The Wild Essay Did you like this example? Where does true happiness come from? Most people would say that they would be happiest if they were rich, maybe if they had their dream job, or if they lived in a castle or mansion. Others may say that happiness comes from family and friends. However, writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau seem to agree that transcendentalism plays the biggest role in attaining true happiness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transcendental Features in Into the Wild" essay for you Create order Transcendentalism is the idea that man should be one with nature, and should waste no time attempting to fit into society. One movie does a stellar job of representing this concept. The theme that the movie, (Penn Sean, director. Into The Wild. 2007), carries is that true happiness can only be found in nature, away from society. True happiness can only be found in nature, away from society. That theme is supported heavily by Into The Wild because of all the times the characters are shown to be truly happy when they’re out in nature, relaxing and having genuine fun with one another. This can be seen when Chris meets Sonja and Mads, who are cooking almost completely naked and listening to music, and ends up having a fun time just hanging out with them. Normally, in society most people would’ve looked at them and tried as hard as they could to avoid them, but because Chris wasn’t interested in following the rules set by society, he joins them and ends up enjoying himself. One might argue that true happiness can be found in the suburbs just as often if not more often, but Chris’s family shows to be extremely unstable, likely due to their need to fit in with society. This is shown in one of the flashbacks to Chris’s old life, when his parents are screaming at each other frantically about Christmas and money, then Chris’s father starts pinning down his mother and getting violent with her. The viewer can tell that Chris’s father isn’t a bad person at heart, but the obstacles he faces as he tries to go with society prove to have taken a huge toll on him, making him cold and dismissive. Even when Chris just talks about living his transcendental dream, he becomes engulfed with happiness, but he makes some good points as well. When he’s in the bar with Wayne, he talks about his dream of living out in the Alaskan Wilds, and then brings up the fact that because of society, people are sick, they’re horrible to one another, they constantly judge, and that keeps them from living a full life. This matters because, in his dream world, where society is a thing of the past, there’s no one to judge him, no one to tell him he’s crazy, and no one stopping him from living this best life. This is why Into The Wild represents themes of transcendentalism so well. Emerson and Thoreau have also contributed a great amount to conveying the theme that true happiness can only be found in nature, away from society. In the short story, (Thoreau, Henry David. Solitude. 1854), Thoreau stresses that if people were to just live with nature, instead of trying to be the picture perfect citizen, they would achieve true happiness. This can be seen when he says, â€Å"What do we want most to dwell near to? Not to many men surely, the depot, the post office, the barroom, the meetinghouse, the schoolhouse, the grocery, Beacon Hill, or the five points where men most congregate, but to the perennial source of our life, whence in all our experience we have found that to issue, as willow stands near the water and sends out its roots in that direction. This will vary with different natures, but this is the place where a wise man will dig this cellar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ,(222). This means that he believes people spend too much time in the places that cause them distress in order to meet the daily quota of being a member of society. In another short story, (Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature. 1836.), Emerson gives his take on the every day man. He conveys a message that most people aren’t aware of the beauty that surrounds them in nature. This is shown when he says that, â€Å"To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing.†, (206). What he’s trying to say is that, adults are so consumed by work, bills, shopping, and all the pressures that come with society keep them from realizing how much better it would be if they were to adopt a transcendental lifestyle. Emerson and Thoreau do a stellar job at presenting the theme of true happiness coming from nature, away from society. Therefore, anyone who looks closely enough can tell that happiness comes from the smell of pine trees in the morning, it comes from the burst of light that rushes you as soon as it climbs over the top of the forest just so that it can welcome you to a new day, and most of all, it comes from the realization that you’re a part of something great. People who obsess over things like they’re 7 digit salary, their antique paintings, and their fancy cars should be concerned with what that does for their own being. Those who realise the importance of family should be more focused on making them truly happy and teach them to seek something greater than just fitting in. People like Emerson and Thoreau, who caught on early no doubt lived the best version of their lives, because true happiness can only be found in nature, far away from so

Hamlet Essay - 1313 Words

Fit the Scripts Over many years after the play â€Å"Hamlet† was written by Shakespeare, people have directed the play in many different ways depending on the time period and directors. After reading â€Å"Hamlet,† I watched two movies of the same script but are directed by different people. At first I thought the older the movie, the more the movie would fit the play, as in being more traditional into following everything in the book compared to how movies today are altered in a more modern sense. I watched Hamlet 1990, directed by Kevin Kline, there are so many lines dropped and added in to the play that I could not really make sense of how Claudius is really feeling. Claudius seems very arrogant because of the way he is responding to a†¦show more content†¦With kings and queens there is also royalty. The way these characters were dressed are so royal with their high class suits and dresses. From the white columns to Gertrude’s white gloves, it really brightened up the room and made things look fancy. Claudius cares about keeping the elegance of his kingdom. â€Å"Now follows, that you know, young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth, Or thinking by our late dear brother’s death Our state to be disjoint and out of frame, Colleagued with this dream of his advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I Scene 2, lines 17-21) This shows that Claudius wants to keep his kingdom in tiptop shape. He does not want to show that just because King Hamlet passed away; it does not mean that the kingdom is going to fall apart. In Kline’s version, the room that was being presented in this same scene looked like a basement. The walls were made of bricks and the floor was made of woods. The room was very dark and it looked smoky. Kline’s version of Claudius litters on his own floor which does not show that he cares about his kingdom nor does he care about what other people might think of it. The Doran’s version is more suitable because the setting is presented with a more royal vibe whereas in Kline’s version the setting showed less royalty and more of a dungeon. The expressions of the characters in this play clearly shows how they are really feeling. Hamlet in the film direct by Doran is played with so much emotionShow MoreRelatedHamlet Madness In Hamlet1293 Words   |  6 Pages When reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a class, the first thing that most teachers or professors point out is the argument/idea of sanity, specifically Hamlets sanity. I believe that Hamlet is, in fact, feigning his madness. What I do not know is if I believe this because it is what I was taught or if I came up with the idea myself based on my own interpretation. When I was taught Hamlet there was no argument it was just fact that he was faking his madness. 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When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead More Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeares Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet How is it that the clouds still hangRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreOphelia and Hamlet in The Tragedy of Hamlet Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesOphelia and Hamlet In 1600, William Shakespeare composed what is considered the greatest tragedy of all time, Hamlet, the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark. His masterpiece forever redefined what tragedy should be. Critics have analyzed it word for word for nearly four hundred years, with each generation appreciating Hamlet in its own way. While Hamlet conforms, without a doubt, to Aristotles definition of a tragedy, one question still lingers. Did Shakespeare intend for the reader or viewerRead More Hamlet Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revenge of Prince Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, is a wonderfully written play that has many tangled webs of lies, betrayal, and revenge. The play starts off with the death of Hamlets father, the king. One night Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father. The ghost speaks to Hamlet and tells him that he was killed by Claudius. Claudius, who is Hamlets uncle, has recently become the new king and as well married Hamlets fathers wife, GertrudeRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance

Siop Lesson Plan for Literary Arts Essay Example For Students

Siop Lesson Plan for Literary Arts Essay The standard being followed for the lesson is reading, analyzing and interpreting literature. The content objective is frown the Pennsylvania State Academic Standards which states, students will be able to compare the use of literary elements within, among texts including character(s), eating, plot, theme and point officer. The language objectives chosen to align with the content objective were taken from the Pennsylvania Standard Aligned Systems which states, 1) students will effectively use language in a group setting of their peers to verbally communicate intimation, 2) students will be able to identify character(s), setting, plot, theme and point of students will be able to retell the story using key vocabulary as a guide and 4) students will listen for context clues to appropriately identify definitions of new vocabulary. The novel chosen for the lesson is entitled Shades of Gray written by Carolyn Redder. The novel is set in the Civil War era about a twelve year old boy, The teacher should complete background knowledge before beginning this lesson plan to learn what knowledge the students have of the Civil War era. Pre-reading activities of displaying visuals should be set throughout the classroom to assist students in building background knowledge such as a large, student friendly map of the United States form 1865 pre-war era with the North and South clearly defined as well as the location of where the main character lived. Key vocabulary words of character(s), setting, plot, theme and point of view should be displayed or students. Through group discussion and teacher modeling the key words Will be defined through use of student dictionaries and accessing the computer. Teacher will draw upon background knowledge to obtain examples of the key vocabulary. The Beginning or preproduction stage of the language acquisition is when the student displays little comprehension of written or oral language. The teacher at this stage should provide the student with an abundant amount of listening opportunities. This can be done throughout this lesson plan by usage of taped text, teacher modeled reading aloud during group instruction, paired partnering n which the student is paired with a student who is a native English learner or in the advanced stage tot language acquisition. Move It is another way to assist limited English Language Learners when reviewing read passages for comprehension as the teacher uses signals for student interaction with in a lesson such as hand signals for yes/no, true/false and understand/l sort of understand or dont understand. Pogo Chevalier, 2008). Beginning or early production stage is when the student has limited English comprehension but can deliver one or two overdo oral responses. The teacher for his Stage can use pictures from the text or Civil War era and hue the students label the pictures then place them in sequential order to assess comprehension Of the text. Teachers may also consider having the students create pictures regarding the character(s) and setting. Teacher should utilize the map while reading the text An activity the teacher may want to utilize With learners in this stage is verbal scaffolding which includes techniques such as think aloud, paraphrasing, repetition, careful enunciation and frequent review of conceptualized vocabulary. (Pogo Chevalier, BIBB) Beginning or early speech emergence stage is when English Language Learners are capable of speaking simple sentences and have a high understanding of oral and written information. They can respond to open ended questions and the teacher should encourage them to write and discuss personal experiences in relation to the story a comparison to living in their time. This is a good stage for the teacher to use personal dictionaries and adapted texts, Students will have a photo copy of the text in an enlarged font so that they may highlight new vocabulary words and write notes in the margin. Students will hen use their personal dictionary to write down new vocabulary words with the definition, synonyms and a simple sentence using the word. .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .postImageUrl , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:hover , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:visited , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:active { border:0!important; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:active , .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363 .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61b4f759b7da652c4f8f92eef59be363:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media violence GRADE 11 PROJECT EssayThey can also add pictures to assist with remembering the definition. The Intermediate or early stage of language acquisition is even English Language Learners have some proficiency in communicating simple ideas. Development and extension of sight Word vocabulary should continue in this stage. Before reading each assigned text the teacher should model how to look over the text to find unknown vocabulary words and the process Of defining them using contextual clues. Journaling is of course important at any stage however in this Stage it is when students should practice their grammatical sentence structure. To maintain the theme of the Civil War Era the teacher should bring in a reenact of this time period who can bring visuals of clothing, reading material, food, and pictures. By using tea stained paper the students can write letters home to family members expressing what it would be like being a member of the North of the South or they can journal about what it would be like to be a child of that time period writing to a family member who is serving in the army. Intermediate stage is where teachers should provide explicit instruction in figurative languages, predictions and using text features to read. Pogo Chevalier, 2008) Students personal dictionary can have a section in which students can write record idioms found in the text and work with partner to decipher meanings. An activity to assist students in gaining understanding would be Idiom Match up where they can use illustrations or simple notations as the meanings then they can play a game with a partner using index cards that d isplay the phrase or word on one card and the meaning on another In the Early Advanced Stage, English Language Learners are able to communicate well and have good comprehension of information. The teacher should provide various ways tort students to engage in realistic writing and speaking opportunities. (Pogo Chevalier, 2008) Questioning prompts can be used at any stage of language acquisition, when using it for this stage the student Will be required to respond to questions When looking at sequential events from the text or when requested to do a summation of the previous read text Students at this Stage would be appropriate to pair With earners at the beginning level stage of pre-production. The last Stage is Advanced and students in this Stage have near native speech fluency. The student has a good comprehension of information in English as well as a n expanded vocabulary. At this stage students are able to lead group discussions so a great activity for them to participate in is Suppress which has readers use predicting, sellquestioning, monitoring/clarifying, evaluating and summarizing of text. Pogo Chevalier, 2008) Suppress follows a six step framework which includes 1) survey- students using background knowledge to et the stage of the text to be read, 2) question- students developing questions about the text they surveyed, 3) predicting- builds upon the questions developed by the students, 4) reading- completed with partners or in small group see everyone finishes at the same time, 5) respond- group discussion about the questions developed earlier and 6) summarize- all summarize the key concepts read in the text. Assessment of the lessons can be completed in various ways depending on the stage you students may be in at the time. Assessments should be varied from oral to written dependent on the stage as well The assessment can be reflective f the ongoing lesson and include the activities incorporated such as journal writing or close handouts, tasks completed such as the personal dictionary and projects completed such as a book summary. It is important to know the different Stages and Which may apply to the class during this particular unit. .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .postImageUrl , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:hover , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:visited , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:active { border:0!important; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:active , .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8 .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8f2f6a4e3eb78aa5a2f9772db9036a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free on Shakespeare's Macbeth - The Two Side EssayReferences Pogo, M. Chevalier, J. (2008) 99 Ideas and activities for teaching English Language Learners with the SIP model. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Pennsylvania State Board of Education. Lully 1, 2010). Standards Aligned System. In Reading Comprehension. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from http://www. Padres. Org/Standard/Views#1 III 78610 O. Pennsylvania State Board Of Education. (laundry 16, 1999). State Academic Standards. In Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening. Retrieved October 25 2012, from http://www. Portal. State . Pa us/portal/server. Opt/community/state_a cad me ICC_sat and rd s/ 19721 Resource 2: SIP Lesson Plan Date: December 5, 2012 Grade/Class/Subject: 5th Grade/Literary Arts, Reading Unit/Theme: Shades Of Gray Standards: Reading Analyzing and Interpreting Literature Content Objective(s): Students will be able to compare the use of literary elements within, among texts including: characters, setting, plot, theme and point of view.

Urbanization Essay Paper Example For Students

Urbanization Essay Paper The urban metropolis and its function in society cannot be understood withoutstudying its composition as a city of immigrants, their newcomer families andfriends and the ties that bind them. By overlooking the ethnic culture andnetworks of the citys immigrants, the study of the urban centre is at best afutile effort. Ethnic tendencies and particularly ethnic residentialsegregation, are areas of examination than cannot be neglected if we are tounderstand the individual and group experiences that ultimately influence urbangrowth. It is therefore important to carefully explore these areas so thatinsight into the underpinnings of the urban metropolis is achieved. Looking atCanadian urban centres from 1850-1920, specifically the city of Toronto, I willexamine the issue of ethnic residential segregation and its significance to theurban centre. I will attempt to prove that this phenomenon is a consequence ofethnic concentration in particular industries resulting from ethnic networks andsoci o-economic inequalities present within society. Furthermore, the existenceof these vibrant yet segregated ethnic communities does not imply thatassimilation is failing to occur. Consequently, standard assimilationframeworks, which assume that proximity to the majority group increases withsocio-economic gains, must be re-evaluated. Urban and historical geographershave become increasingly interested in studying residential segregation throughthe context of changes in the industrial workplace (Scott, 1986). A number ofindustries like clothing, textile, iron and steel have employed largeproportions of immigrant workers (Leiberson, 1933). Toronto is no exception. We will write a custom essay on Urbanization Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Early immigrant settlers came to North America in search of a better life andincreased economic opportunities (Lindstrom-Best, 1979) and Torontos economicambience appealed to them. 1850s Toronto saw increased prosperity withexpanding enterprises, jobs and especially railway building. By the 1860s, whenthis first rail construction boom had faded, the city blossomed into aregionally dominant railway centre with track access throughout the province,into adjoining Montreal, Detroit and New York. More importantly though, steamand iron transport expansion unravelled the way for industrialization (Harney,1985). Torontos harbourfront thrived with rail traffic, entailing machine andengine works, coal-yards, moulding and forging plants and steam-driven factories(Globe, 1866). The new gas works, the Grand Trunk Railway workshops, the TorontoRolling Mills, and the Gooderham and Worts distillery exemplified thisflourishing industrialization. Moreover, other processing operations, such aswood or h ardware manufactories, tanneries and meat-packing houses accompaniedindustrial growth. All in all, by the 1860s, working opportunities in the citycould readily urge on its settlement, which consequently began to acceleraterapidly (Harney, 1985). In light of these increased working opportunitiesdistinct Torontonian neighbourhoods developed. St. Johns Ward bounded byHenderson, Yonge, Front and University and the Italian neighbourhoods bounded byHenderson, Manning, Dundas and Ossington are just two of the distinctcommunities that resulted. By the 1900s, the Ward as it was popularly know,primarily consisted of East Europeans of Jewish descent. They initially settledin the Ward because they had little choice. Upon their arrival, they were inimmediate need of cheap accommodation near steady employment (Harney, 1985). St. Johns Ward, adjacent to the commercial centre of the city, provided them thisopportunity. They had relatively few skills and no credit although theiraffinity for the garment industry proved valuable (Speisman, 1979). Suffice itis to say, the Ward was in close proximity to this industry. During the earlytwentieth century, the notable clothing firms, the Lowndes Co., Johnson Brothersand others were located on Front Street, Wellington Street, Church and Bay. By1910, the T. Eaton company had erected an enormous manufacturing firm bounded byBay, Albert, Louisa and James. This company would eventually grow to be thelargest sole employer of Jews in the Ward (Harney, 1985). Factory employeeselected to reside near their places of employment (Harney, 1985). Working longhours, they wished to minimize travelling time thus choosing to live close tothe companies that employed them. In addition, as proximity to major clothingfirms increased, so too did employment opportunities. The Ward, similar to manyother areas throughout North America, thus evolved into an immigrant havenadjacent to the central business district. Despite the fact that not all Jewsmade their livelihoods in clothing factories, it was the factories presence andproximity to affordable housing that attracted Jewish immigrants to the area (Rischin,1964) and created a vibrant ethnic neighbourhood. Similar ethnic neighbourhoodappeared as divergent immigrant occupational skills emerged. The first Finnishinhabitant of Toronto, a tailor named James Lindala, ventured to the city uponhearing of the high demand for skilled tailors (Lindstrom-Best, 1979). Settlingin the south-central part of Toronto, near the railroad and tailoring

Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls

that no one has ever heard of. I know that this partly because this was written many, many years ago and some people probably understood this, but not all because not everyone was as educated as he was or even as we are today and it confused me the first time I read it. That I can underst... Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The poem â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a very well written poem. Longfellow is known to be one of the best authors of all time; but this poem has its good points and it’s bad points. Some of the good points are the very even rhythms he uses, also the way he describes the travelers â€Å"life†. But in my opinion this poem also has some fairly large flaws. Some of the flaws are the fact that at the end of the poem Longfellow jumps to talking about horses, also he uses so words that no one knows what they are. Longfellow does a very good job of keeping the rhythm in this poem. In each line he makes it rhyme with the last. By doing this he makes the poem flow very nicely and makes it sound very nice. I think that is part of what makes this poem. Another thing that is very good about this poem is the way Longfellow relates the â€Å"travelers† â€Å"life† to the tide. This makes it a very metaphorical poem and by doing this he puts many underlying meanings to it that make this poem much more entertaining. This is one of the few good things about this poem. One of the main things that came to mind is how Longfellow jumps from topic to topic in this poem. For example, he goes from talking about the traveler to talking about how there are horses stamping and neighing and about the hostler. To me this kind of confused me because I was expecting to here more about the traveler but instead I get horses. This kind of irritates me. The last thing that I will complain about today is the fact that he uses language that confuses people and words that no one has ever heard of. I know that this partly because this was written many, many years ago and some people probably understood this, but not all because not everyone was as educated as he was or even as we are today and it confused me the first time I read it. That I can underst...

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Final project - Essay Example Some may notice and make unending controversies, others might ignore but at the end of the day, we can’t deny the fact that we are at the face of an impending threat, one that we can do very little in changing the kind of threat the same has come to pose on us. Climatic changes have been at our exposure for long, human kind have had the opportunity to prevent any catastrophes from the same but the ignorant aspect of ignorance has always taken effect altogether. This project is set in a geographical aspect that seeks to explain the general ignored aspect on the threats that we face from climatic changes. The same project comes in, in a manner that seeks to create awareness on the remedies that man may possibly use to prevent a future disaster. Climatic changes may be as a result of a lot of factors, but the fact will always remain that our actions as human beings will always remain the core reason for the problems we face. It has a endeavor of our own undertaking, one that has rendered all human being victim of climatic change threats. This is in the sense of population health, in manner that shows no sign of giving up but promises to keep on increasing in future at levels that might even go critical. Since the effect come in the context of health, this project is one oriented at saving the human fraternity in future. This is the context of creating awareness, give a clear description of the dangers and giving the possibilities of saving th e situation before it totally gets out of handle. Climate change has a lot of implications, but global warming is the most threatening of all. It causes direct effects like heat waves that might affect man. This is not only in the context of air pollution but also in the impacting phenomenon of ecological relationships and systems that involve marine productivity, mosquito ecology and crop yields. The same may also extend to indirect impacts that come in the context of displacement, impoverishment, and resultant conflicts

Global health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global health - Assignment Example In the year 2005 alone, over 17.5million persons succumbed to cardiovascular diseases. This is a staggering 30% representation of deaths globally (World Health Organization, 2014). Deaths related to cardiovascular diseases is mainly common in developing countries and global health stakeholders need to improve healthcare systems in such countries. Malnutrition is another health issue that still needs to be eradicated globally and in particular, in the developing world. At the present, mortality rate among children aged 5years and below stand at 7.5million annually. This is a case whereby preventable measures may involve establishing efficient healthcare systems and funding to sustain such systems in the long term basis. On another note, infectious diseases is also causing headache to global healthcare stakeholders such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2008 alone, over 6.7 million persons succumbed to infectious disease. This prevalence rate is higher compared to persons who die from natural causes or other man-made catastrophes (Ney, 2012). HIV/AIDS is still a menace globally and new infections are reported almost on a daily basis. Much has been done to eradicate Tuberculosis; however, while the treatment is free, Tuberculosis is still a major cause of death in the developing world as a result of ignorance and lack of concerted effort from healthcare stakeholders in various countries, especially the developing world Malaria on the other hand, records high mortality rate among children aged below five years because a lack of primary prevention, and in particular, the Sub-Saharan Africa (Lavery et al., 2013). The solutions to global health problems require a thourough research by the major stakeholders. This allows the establishment of proper mechanisms or policies to deal with global health problems and avoid the mismanagement of funds channeled to solve the various global health problems. The

Literature review: learning on the internet

Literature review: learning on the internet RESTRICTED CHAPTER TWO LITREATURE REVIEW LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT 1.Internet is an important tool in the modern day context. All searches pertaining to any kind of search to are within the finger tips. There by it has become a topic for researchers to research and write the thesis on covering various aspect of the internet. Saunders says that a thorough understanding of, and insight into, previous research that relates to a project is essential for the quality of the study, this usually being achieved by means of critically reviewing the extant literature1 2.My literature review of research will be based on publications such as subject related text books .E books, articles, journals, periodicals, projects proposals and unpublished thesis, pamphlets, completed reports and other available literature information resources already published by external authors on the respective subject area. According Timothy and Ellis they state that the literature review should be structured in following stages. So that I have used this model in order to sequence my literature review.2 On the attributes of a critical literature review Saunders, Mark N. K.1 Rojon, Cà ©line21School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;2Department of Psychology School of Management, University of Surrey,Guildford, GU2 7XHUnited Kingdom Achieved by means of critically reviewing the extant literature.1 2A Systems Approach to Conduct anEffective Literature Review in Support of Information Systems Research Yair Levy and Timothy J. Ellis Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences,Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET 3.There are plenty of definition can be find on what internet and this what the oxford dictionary says â€Å"A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols†. The definition itself brings out what it exactly does and also it describes under which conditions it should use. According to Linux information project on 2005 describes it as a network that is composed of a number of smaller computer networks which connects thousands of networks and hundreds of millions of computers throughout the world. It shows that no barriers on using the internet for any kind of a user for the benefit of him or for his organization. 4.The internet is a unique collection of networks, or a network of networks, that was made possible by scientists with vision to implement a compatible communication standard. These standards’ allow computers built by a variety of manufacturers running on different operating systems to exchange data. The internet, therefore, is able to facilitate the sharing of resources among participating organizations, which include government agencies, educational institutions, and private corporations.3 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNET 5.The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology4 6.The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the  ARPANET(which would become the first network to use the  Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrocks laboratory at  University of California, Los Angeles(UCLA) to the second network node at  Stanford Research Institute(SRI)4. 7. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when theNational Science Foundation(NSF) funded theComputer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with theNSFNETproject, which also created network access to thesupercomputersites in the United States from research and education organizations. CommercialInternet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic4. 8.Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication byelectronic mail,instant messaging,voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) telephone calls,two-way interactive video calls, and theWorld Wide Webwith itsdiscussion forums,blogs,social networking, andonline shoppingsites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSFsvery high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS),Internet2, andNational LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher ___________________________________________ exploring the internet by Clive C. Sanford 4http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#Origins(accesed on 03 march 2014) speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internets takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-waytelecommunicationsnetworks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.[1]Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, andsocial networking4. 9.The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location.3 10. The graph below shows how the expansion of internet from 1996 to 2014. Sri Lanka as a developing country 31mpeople out of hundred use intenet accordind to the cences given by the international telecomunucation union. Internet users per 100 inhabitants Source:International Telecommunications Union POSITIVE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET POSITIVE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET 11.Educational achievement is perhaps of secondary importance to many of the children; however, it too seems to be a real advantage. From 10 years of age onwards, there is a pressure from school to get the internet and a sense that access to the internet allows the willing student to attain a higher quality of extra information relevant to the subjects.4 12.This research suggest that it also has a role re-engaging some of the educationally disengaged, as they enjoy the control and fun of working with a PC. It can also enable the academically able to find more relevant information and research more effectively. For some though, who are not particularly interested in schoolwork, they remain uninterested whether they have internet access or not. 13.Research about the Internet generally has focused on social effects, such as psychological well-being; for instance, children are more likely to use the internet when they feel lonely. A study by Michigan State University has found that the internet has had a positive effect on reading but not mathematics. One explanation is the internet is a text rich environment with fewer opportunities to foster mathematics or science skills; however, both the Internet and children are changing. Students increasingly use visualization, which can relate to mathematics and science as much as creative writing.4 14.The internet can facilitate a game like learning environment, which is highly motivating and interesting to students. Unlike in traditional classrooms, students do not sit across from the teacher, hold a textbook, and take a final exam. Instead, they can explore new information on the internet like a game combining both the learning journey and entertainment. More research is needed in this area as additional online games are built specifically for history, mathematics and science. Gaming has the potential to have a different kind of cognitive impact than traditional learning. 15.The internet’s is more exciting and challenging as a research environment than earlier media because it is a complex virtual, social and physical world that school children participate and co-construct, rather than something that is merely watched TV or PC. It becomes a complex virtual universe behind a small screen on which developmental issues play out in old and new ways, offering new views in to the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of schoolchildren’s. This universe will continue to expand as web-connected cell phones and other new internet applications emerge. Thus, existing theoretical models, research programmes and methodological techniques in developmental psychology are both challenged and stimulated by interactions between youth and the internet.5 16.According to the research done by three Japan universities regarding â€Å"Children and the Internet in Japan†, they identified that junior high school students enrolled in the school that use the internet had higher skills for practical use of information compared to students in the school that did not use the internet in its classes. This indicates that internet use in school activities helped in increasing the ability of students to use information practically. In this research, they proposed that â€Å"skills for practical use of information† are composed of six sub skills, namely, skill of collections, the skill of judgment, the skill of expression, the skill of processing, the skill of creation, and the skill of communication. In terms of these skills, students in the school that used the internet in its classes had particularly better skills of collection, judgment, expression, processing and communication compared to the students enrolled in the school that d id not use the Internet in its classes.5 17.Students possibly will feel bored if they only study from textbook day by day. That is why internet can be good alternative media to improve students’ motivation in studying. By using internet as a learning media, students can see relevant pictures or animations, which are related to lesson. Based on some reliable researches, students’ motivation in studying can increase fast if teachers or lectures use pictures or animations in explaining lesson.5 2-1 RESTRICTED Unethical Act Among Contractors: Class F in Selangor Unethical Act Among Contractors: Class F in Selangor 1.0 INTRODUCTION Contractors are the independent entity that agree to construct certain number or quantity of goods, material, equipment personnel ,or services that meet the requirement of specifications at a mutually price with a specific timeframe with another independent entity call contractee or project owner (Oxford Times). All contractors are rated Class F are Bumiputera. According to Article (160(2)) the concept of a bumiputra ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by activist Tunku Abdul Rahman. It recognized the special position of the Malays provided in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, in particular Article 153. But, the constitution does not use the term bumiputra; it defines only Malay and aborigine (Article 160(2)).This means that the contractor is Class F Bumiputera contractors and do not need to apply for Recognition of Bumiputera. According to PKK (Pusat Khidmat Kontractor) until 26th June 2010 there are 4210 registered class F contractors in Selangor. A countrys economic system, irrespective construction industry plays a role in, construction industry plays a substantial role in a countrys national economic system (Zantanidis Tsiotras, 1998). Indeed, this sector is an important employer of a nations workforce as it employs between 2% to 10% of total workforce of most countries (Abdul Rashid Hassan, 2005). Malaysia has gained an impressive economic growth during the last three decades (Abdul Rahman et al, 2005) and this sector has employed an estimated 798,200 workforce nationwide in 2004 (CIDB, 2006). The Malaysian Government has given a much needed boost to the countrys construction industry under the 9th Malaysian Plan where a total of 880 projects worth RM15billion is to be tendered (The Star, 2006). It should be foregrounded that the issue of poor quality in the construction sector has, nevertheless. been identified as a major concern even as far back as the mid 1980s (The Star, 2006). Generally, it is a rule that constructi on projects must be completed within the planned cost, scheduled time and required quality. Quality may sometimes be ignored in this industry to cut the costs or to shorten the project time (Turk, 2006). To deal with the low quality problem faced by the industry, quality management is seen as an approach to achieve the required level of quality of the end product and has been given great attention worldwide over the past three decades (Hiyassat, 2000; Berawi and Woodhead, 2005). However, there is a perception that majority of quality related issues are caused by human factor. In response to that perception, a study was performed to look into the relationship between professional ethics among participants of construction sector and the quality related issues in Malaysian construction sector. It should be noted that for this purpose of survey, contractors and clients are regarded as professions and they are required to demonstrate a high degree of professionalism in performing their t ask, in response to the Governments effort who has introduced the National Integrity Plan to enhance integrity and ethics in the nation. Unethical acts of fraud, waste, abuse, and corrupt practices are what receive prominent treatment in the media worldwide. Such as inappropriate gifts, unauthorized payments, and fiscal infractions are the unethical act problems most noted. The Conference Board in New York reported that the above issues have widespread agreement on each of these issues as being a serious concern among the leaders of the free world, including those in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Australia. Due to the increased of public awareness toward the contractor unethical acts and also decreased of public tolerance for wrong-doing, it is important for contractor to focus specifically on the question of how professional ethics should be incorporated into awareness of individual to make sure every projects should be completed as standard. The ethical statement can describe the act was right or wrong, or act with a right or wrong which it can provide a line of distinction between good and evil of the act or the tendency of a person or at least it can develop guidelines that can be made with various moral considerations(J.L Mackie, 1971). Ethical act are very important because it use to determine the thoughts, actions and behavior of members of the organization to fulfill their responsibility and trust as an employee. It is also to create statements and coordination between the contractors as a key institution for national development. Ethical act also important to maintain and improve client confidence in the organization, 84% of FMIs respondents said that theyve seen an unethical act committed in the construction industry in the past year is an alarming statistic. Contractors, can take little comfort in the probability that incidence of unethical behavior is just as high in other industries these days. FMI had offer f our solution and one of the solutions is to stiffer the penalties for those caught in unethical or illegal acts is the least likely to succeed. Secondly, the FMI had suggest to develop an industry-wide code of ethics which these codes of ethics need to be enforced in every country. A less formal but corollary solution would hit closer to home. Companies should place more emphasis on social responsibility in their dealings with other firms. This approach is easier said than done, of course, although a few respondents in the survey say they have walked away from projects or companies and suffered short-term consequences as a result. They did not indicate, however, that they regretted their decisions in the long term. Training in ethical conduct is the fourth solution, and its the one that holds the most promise as long as it is coupled with commitment to these practices from the top ranks of any construction company. The FMI report states that unethical acts can signal a failure of management to know how to get the job done the right way. 1.2 Problem statement Due to many issues in our country regarding construction industry that lead to the unethical act by the contractors in running the projects such as the issue on the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2( MRR2 ), Matrade building and also the issue on the Navy Recruit Center. If this ethical issue still going on in our construction industry, it will affect our construction quality. According to the Works Minister Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu, more than 18,000 contractors and sub-contractors were either paid late or have yet to receive payment for completed work totaling RM23.7billion since 2000. This is a very huge sum, about 14% of the allocation for development projects under the 9th Malaysia Plan. The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) had carried out a six-month survey on 330 contractors, in which 273 cases of payment problems involving RM877.8mil were reported. Another example for the issue in Malaysian construction industry is the Plaza Rakyats project. The government will iss ue a warning notice to the Plaza Rakyat project contractors to continue the project as early as next week, initially, and if defaults, the tender will be forfeited. Minister of Federal Territory and Welfare Commissioner, Datuk Raja Nong Chik Raja Zainal Abidin said, a notice will be given to contractors in a week or two so that they continue construction work. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. The aim of this research as far as the unethical act among contractors class F in Selangor is concerned, is to identify the effect in the construction quality. These main objectives are broken down to more specific objectives in order to better understand the topic at hand. To achieve the desired aim of the research, there are some of the objectives had been choose for this research. Objectives for this research are: Assess the level of professional ethical standards and its practice in the Selangor construction industry, To identify the problems associated to unethical acts in construction industry Determine the role of professional ethics in improving quality management in construction industry. 1.4 Organization of Study Chapter 1 introduces the research topic. It discussed about the unethical acts, definition of contractor, definition of bumiputera, issue related to unethical acts in construction industry problem statement and the objectives that initiated this study. Chapter 2 involves the extensive review of literature relating to the relevant topic of the subject matter of research including the professional ethic and relationship between ethic and construction. Chapter 3 discussed the methodology used in this study. It includes the developed hypothesis and data collection methods. It also includes a brief explanation on the data analysis methods. Chapter 4 reports data analysis and findings of the survey obtained from the findings. Chapter 5 involves detail finding and discussion on the result of survey base on the analysis. Chapter 6 present conclusions and recommendation based on the findings of the study. Key recommendation and their future prospect have been outlined which may assist in future plans to facilitate knowledge sharing plan in school. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this chapter a great extent of literature of relevant concepts are being reviewed in order to get insight of and identify variables which have impact on the objectives of this research. The researches which are done by different scholars and researches will be reviewed. 2.1 Quality In Construction Industry Quality is a measure of excellence or a state of being free from defects, deficiencies, and significant variations, brought about by the strict and consistent adherence to measurable and verifiable standards to achieve uniformity of output that satisfies specific customer or user requirements. ISO 8402-1986 standard defines quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs Since tribal chiefs, kings, and pharaohs ruled the issues of quality have already existed (Gitlow, 2005). In a project scenario, quality can be defined as meeting the legal, aesthetic (Arditi Gunaydin, 1997) and functional requirements of a project (Berawi, 2006). Customers nowadays place more emphasis on the quality of products rather than the price which was the major concern in the past. Hence, a rapid expansion of international competition in quality has occurred (Tsiotras Gotzamani, 1996; Abdul Rahman Berawi, 2002). In America, the professional societies have prepared codes of ethics since before early twentieth century. These have been incorporated to a greater or lesser degree into the regulatory laws of various countries. Such as The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in the UK, they have a code of ethics incorporated into its standards of conduct and as for Canadian societies of professional engineers likewise have such codes of conduct as well (Bowen, P., R. Pearl and A. Akintoye. 2007). Mainly for practical and professional use, codes of ethics are developed for supplementing the building codes and other acts of law. These ethical aspects were considered based on mans natural morals (Darabarek Symotink, 1999). In terms of quality in construction industry, Turk (2006), citing Arditi Gunaydin (1999), mentioned that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"high quality building project includes factors like the design being easily understandable and applicable, conformity of design with specifications, economics of construction, ease of operation, ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. According to S. Fryer, Buro Happold, UK (2007), no matter how clever or elaborate the design of a structure is, any construction project will ultimately be judged on the quality of the finished product. Zantanidis Tsiotras (1998) and Abdul Rahman Berawi (2002) mentioned the expectations for quality construction projects will continue to grow rapidly as the number of affluent, educated and quality conscious customers are increasing. With the globalization of economy, construction firms worldwide are actively engaged to achieve internationally accepted quality levels to ensure their position in the emerging international market especially in those developing economies. Thus, the need to have a proper system that ensures quality is critical, coupled with high level of attention paid to quality management in construction industry (Abdul Rahman, Berawi, et al, 2006). Scholars indicate that quality management has been adopted by many countries in their construction industry including Hong Kong (Leung et al, 1999; Au Yu, 1999 and Tang Kam, 1999), Singapore (Low Omar, 1999 and Low Yeo, 1997), Greece (Tsiotras Gotzamani, 1996 and Zantanidis Tsiotras, 1998), Turkey (Turk, 2006), Jordan (Hiyassat, 2000), Saudi Arabia (Bubshait Al Atiq, 1999), Sweeden (Landin, 2000), United States (Chini Valdez, 2003), South Africa (Rwelamilla, 1995) and Malaysia (Chew Chai, 1996). As for Malaysia,we have the code of ethics for co ntractor which need to be followed by the contractors. In that code of ethic it emphasizes more about the level of professionalism, productivity, and quality. Excellence in the construction industry is very much determined by the level of efficiency, productivity, quality and professionalism in the delivery services. The delivery of construction services is connected directly or closely related integrity of the construction contractors in the performance responsibilities. This aspect has been dealt with when Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP): 2006-2015 enacted. CIMP has given special emphasis on increasing productivity, image and professionalism in the construction industry as the strategic thrusts of this industry to greater high. For this purpose CIMP also has proposed legislation Code of ethics to further strengthen the practice of values and moral ethics among contractors in the country in implementation of construction works. Many developers were also fined for not confo rming to the Housing Development Act, including not preparing reports on schedule, especially work progress reports every six months (NST, 2010). This quality in our construction industry can be improved if everybody doing their part. For every developer, starting a new housing project is a new business. So, if they understand their responsibility as a developer and follow the agreement, they must complete the projects according to the dates set. According to Michael S. Poles, the quality of the construction can be control by competence supervision. It is the duty of the contractor to complete the work covered by his or her contract, in accordance with the approved plans and specifications. The contractor must carefully study the approved plans and specifications and should plan their schedule of operations well ahead of time. If at any time it is discovered that the work which is being done is not in accordance with the approved plans and specifications, the contractor should immed iately correct the work. In order to assure that the work being done is in accordance with the approved plans and specifications, the contractor must always supervise, and coordinate of all of the work that need to be completed. 2.2 Professional Ethic in Construction Industry Profession is an occupation that requires both advanced study and mastery of a specialized body of knowledge and undertaken to promote, ensure or safeguard some matter that significantly affects others well being (Vee Skitmore, 2003). Almost every profession has its codes of ethics to provide a framework for arriving at good ethical choices. Therefore, professional ethics is a system of norms to deal with both the morality and behavior of professionals in their day to day practice, and ascribes moral responsibility not to an individual, but to all professionals practicing in a particular profession. For the building and designing professions, the incalculable value of human life demands nothing less than the highest moral considerations from those who might risk it otherwise (Mason, 1998, cited in Vee Skitmore,2003). Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public (Ruth Chadwick, 1998). The construction industry is a perfect environment for ethical dilemmas, with its low price mentality, fierce competition, and paper thin margin (FMI, 2006). Jordan (2005) stated that unethical behavior is taking a growing toll on the reputation of the industry. From a survey conducted by FMI, 63% of the respondents whom are the construction players feel that construction sector is tainted by unethical conducts (FMI, 2006). Surveys conducted by researchers in Australia (Vee Skitmore, 2003) and South Africa (Pearl et al, 2005) identified several unethical conducts and ethical dilemmas in the construction industry such as corruption, negligence, bribery, conflict of interest, bid cutting, under bidding, collusive tendering, cover pricing, frontloading, b id shopping, withdrawal of tender, and payment game. It is evident that there exist significant areas of concern pertaining to the ethical conducts practiced by the construction professionals. There are many other efforts taken to increase the ethical standards and integrity among the professionals in construction sectors worldwide. According to Pearl et al (2005), the regulatory professional Acts relating to the built environment professional sector in South Africa were totally overhauled in the late 1990s and a new suite of professional Acts were promulgated in 2000 to enhance the professionalism. Meanwhile, in America, the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) has updated its code of ethics to include a wider range of professional services as well as professional services among construction players (CMAA, 2006). A Standard of Professional Conduct to govern the ethical practices in the American civil engineering profession was published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE, 2007). On the other  hand, Australia has their own codes of tendering to enhance fairness and transparency (Ray, 1997). In Malaysia, the government is very serious about improving ethics in both public and private sector. For instance, the construction industry has introduced codes of ethics for contractors to encourage self regulation among the contractor in this sector (The Star, 2006). Stakeholders of construction projects were asked to enforce the existing code of ethics to safeguard the engineers good name (The Star, 2006). The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of Malaysia also host integrity courses for contractors to promote the importance of integrity and plans to make the course as a pre9requisite for contractors when renewing their registration (The Star, 2006). Finally, the launching of the Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) by CIDB in 2004 also had in the master plan an objective to enhance professional ethics in the local construction industry (Construction Industry Master Plan 2006 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2015). According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Kong Cho Ha, 1,345 developers and more than 5,000 directors of such companies involved in problematic projects have been blacklisted because they abandoned housing projects and also those that were not completed on schedule. They are not only been blacklisted, they also fined for not conforming to the Housing Development Act, including not preparing reports on schedule, especially work progress reports every six months(NST 2010). 2.3 Relationship between Professional Ethic and Quality Related Issues Besterfield et al (2003) mentioned quality is dependent on ethical behavior, whereby quality and ethics have a common care premise which is to do right things right and it is a proven way to reduce costs, improve competitiveness, and create customer satisfaction. It is evident that low  ethical standards among construction professional will lead to quality problem. These issues were highlighted in the media and received great concern of public (Fleddermann, 2004; NST, 2004; and RTM, 2006). As an example, the ethical related case in the construction industry was the collapse of the Hyatt Regency Kansas City walkways (Fleddermann, 2004). It is a hotel project in 1970s with walkways suspended over the large atrium. With the intention to save the cost, the subcontractor for the fabrication and erection of atrium steel suggested changes in the structure and it was approved by the consulting structural engineer. During the construction, part of the atrium collapsed and the engineer came out with the report saying that the design was safe and ready to be opened for business in 1980. The tragedy happened one year after the completion of the project during a dancing party in the atrium lobby. Some of the walkways on which people were dancing collapsed onto the crowded atrium floor, leaving more than a hundred people died and almost two hundred injuries. Investigation was then conducted by the Missouri Board of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors reported that the original design was only marginally acceptable to the Kansas City building code where the walkways would only have had approximately 60% of the capacity required by the code. The situation was even worse in the new design proposed by the steel subcontractor and approved by the engineer. The consultant was found negligence in its investigation of the atrium collapse and places too much reliance on the subcontractor. Therefore, the engineer has been charged for negligence, incompetence, and misconduct. Both the engineer and the consultant firm lose license of practicing. This case strongly indicates that unethical behaviour will lead to quality problems and structural failures. In Malaysia, as an example, a newly opened specialist hospital in Johor Bahru was closed due to fungi attack on the equipments and walls (RTM 2006). It was found that many of the hospitals equipments such as oxygen piping and sewerage system are not according to the specifications. This clearly shows the poor ethics of the contractor who failed to do right things right. The contractor was given three months to rectify problems including leaking pipes, broken ceilings and faulty air conditioning ducts (NST, 2004). Another substandard quality of construction project in Malaysia is the RM238 million Middle Ring Road Two (MRR2) flyover which was closed to traffic after cracks were found in 31 pillars and structural movements were detected (The Sun, 2004). The Government engaged an independent consultant from the United Kingdom to investigate the defects. The independent consultant identified that design deficiencies and improper anchoring of the columns to the crossbeam were the main cau se of the cracks (NST, 2004). Design deficiency is found to be a negligence on the design team and the repair works was then carried out at an estimated cost of RM20 million. Contractors confront dozens of issues, many of which have substantial impact on their own self or organization, as well as others involved in the project. Many decisions have a straight forward answer determined by contract language or budget. Some, however, require entering an indistinct gray zone where the contractor must use best judgment to devise a course of action. Ethical questions raised include: what happens when professional codes and regulations lag behind technological innovations; what precautions must engineers take when trying to balance the benefits, new technologies bring against risks to public safety, often associated with engineering innovation and what are engineering and corporate responsibilities to the public for failed innovation; and should he hold then payments for the benefit of his organization. Often these challenges are managed with little or no preparation or formal guidelines and sometimes with negative results. Engineering ethics is attracting interest in colleges of engineering throughout the world. Therefore, the new technology must address the human being as its central subject and has to be introduced by ethics (Cywinski, Z. 2001). The construction of the new national palace at Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur has doubled in a period of four years from RM400 million to RM 811 million. Contracts for the construction were awarded to three companies through direct negotiations instead of open tenders ( NST 2003). Government will focus on overcoming the problem `leakage of tenders in the Ninth Malaysia Plan (RMK-9) are exploring the possibility of tightening conditions of the application to the contractor class F. Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development Minister Datuk Mohamed Khaled Nordin said the conditions were studied for class F contractors license applican t is to ensure that applicants undergo interview, examination, has offices and operations background of the net. The number of contractors has increased dramatically recently that 46.983 of the contractors registered with the Contractor Service Centre (PKK) in the country. Of the total, 35,544 are Class F contractors. The contractors will face intense competition in seeking jobs or contracts, and more disturbing is the number of contractors that own more than the number of contracts offered, especially from the government. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the methodology used in conducting this research. It starts by describing the sample selection, research design, variables and hypothesis and continues with the description of the methods of data collection and data analysis. Finally, some of the limitations and key assumption of the findings are described. Primary source were used to collect data from the sample to assess the perception of respondents toward knowledge management and knowledge sharing, the school culture and work environment, individual barriers and organization barriers toward knowledge sharing. The selected data was tested and conclusions were drawn. There are 6 procedures used in completing this study. First, a review of literature was conducted. The review was focused on the emergence of knowledge economy and knowledge management. Then the roles of knowledge sharing were discussed. A further potential barrier toward knowledge sharing was reviewed. Variable which has affected on knowledge sharing was also discussed. The review of literature served as a frame work for the study, and offered contrasting opinions of the authors. Second, a rough draft of the survey instrument and possible methods of testing and assessment of variables was done. A questionnaire was tested and validated before implementation reviewed for preventing any bias and avoiding errors. Questionnaire survey is the main research methodology used to achieve the research objectives. Five hundred (500) sets of questionnaires were distributed to targeted respondents in Selangor state by post ,via the internet , by hand. Targeted respondents ranging from consultant firms and contractor personnel within Selangor area .To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire survey, the sample size taken was then compared to match with the sample size recommended by Krejcie and Morgan (Sekaran, 2000: 295). Third, a survey was implemented. Questionnaire was sent to the list of all class F contractors which registered under PKK within Selangor area. Fourth, the result of the survey was assessed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 15.0 software. The result were tested and presented with illustration. Scores were converted into percentage rating and presented in graphical format using excel 2003. Fifth, the conclusion was driven from data analysis and findings. Important points were highlighted and recommendations were given. Research Design The research was designed to explore the unethical acts among contractors regarding the issue on the construction quality in Selangor. The data produced from the research was then analyzed so that the following objective could be achieved. The stated hypothesis could be tested and further recommendations could be made with regard to specific focus of this research. To identify areas for further, and more specific areas of research Quantitative method utilizing survey method is used for gathering information. Variables Variables are classified into three groups including dependent variables, moderate variables and independent variables. Dependent Variable Unethical act is considered as dependent variable Independent Variable Contractors and construction quality are considered as independent variables. Data Collection A comprehensive literature review and self administered questionnaire were used to provide an insight to the study. These instruments provide informative ideas on the possible issued experienced by factors affecting perception of respondents about unethical acts will effected the construction quality The survey aimed is to target contractor class F in Selangor. The aimed was chosen because of two reasons. Firstly, there are too many contractors class F in Selangor. Secondly, the issues that involved contractor class F are more major in our construction industry and this give the author the possibility to sent the questionnaires to some contractor firm on one to one basis. The author would have preferred a larger sample of respondents to participate in the research, but due to limitation of time, this was not possible. The survey was aimed at the contractors class F in Selangor area. Data were collected from 500 contractors selected randomly from different firm and background. Questionnaire was send through mail and respondents were given three weeks to respond before they were send back to the author. 3. 4 Research Assumptions When conducting this study a number of assumptions have been made with regards to the literature reviewed and the respondent sample selected. These assumptions are identified as below. The secondary data collected from various resources have been assumed to be valid and based on the research done by authors. The secondary data has been assumed to present public interest as a whole and without any biases. The respondents have responded to the questionnaire without any biasness and to the best of their abilities. Instrumental Biases In administrating the questionnaire, there has been a significant degree of biasness that was exercised by researcher. The questionnaire was developed based on the respondents. This minimizes the respondent biasness to a certain level. Various scaling methods were utilized where appropriate to minimize biasness. Sample size Approximately 500 contractors were randomly selected from the target population of different firms. The simple random sampling method was utilized in this situation. This was to deter any sample biasness that could have distorted the result. The respondents samples of contractors were surveyed in the Selangor area. The contractors who responded came from various hierarchy levels of different firms. Scaling of Questionnaire In order in measure the operationally defined and elements of a variable, the rating scale has been used to elicit responses with regard to the person studied. A number of rating scales techniques and measurements were utilized when administrating questionnaire involving Category scale and Likert scale. Example: Category Scale What is your highest educational qualification? PHD degree Bs degree Ms degree Diploma/STPM Knowledge sharing is fully supported by school administrator. Extremely disagree/ Strongly disagree/ Disagree /Agree /Strongly Agree/Extremely A